Baseline 12-1014 Plastic Finger Goniometer

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All the blanks with the recorded angles of the joints were scanned. The scanned diagrams were magnified, and their angles were measured to the nearest degree by the same researcher with ImageJ program. Each diagram was measured at least twice without reference to the previous results. If the results of the two computerized measurements were different, the diagram was remeasured again. If 2 identical measurements were not obtained, mean of the measurements was found and rounded off to the nearest degree. To assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the latter procedure, two invited medical students remeasured 48 randomly chosen scanned diagrams. Computerized evaluation instead of a simple use of a traditional protractor was chosen to equalize varying sizes of the hand drawn diagrams and to avoid errors of hand-done measurements. Independence of observations Giudice ML: Effects of continuous passive motion and elevation on hand oedema. Am J Occup Ther. 1990, 44: 914-921. 10.5014/ajot.44.10.914.

In the replicate study parts A, the subjects used their individual try-angle sets at the 10 evaluation stations (Figure 1, Additional file 2). The values of the angles of individual try-angles were randomly distributed across the finger joints and across the subjects. The angles of the individual try-angles of the same subject were of different magnitude, and none of the subjects had the same combination of the angle magnitudes (Additional file 3). Raters of the study parts A had to obtain twice the MCP, PIP, and DIP joint angles in each of the two positions (flexion and extension) by using both goniometers (Additional file 2) . So overall greater reliability is obtained when measures are taken by the same therapist, using a standardised method with the same measurement tool assessed at the same time of day. [1] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Goniometry Technique [ edit | edit source ] Pratt AL, Burr N, Stott D: An investigation into the degree of precision achieved by a team of hand therapists and surgeons using hand goniometry with a standardised protocol. Hand Ther. 2004, 9: 116-121.There are limited validity studies on goniometry, but they have found high criterion validity in measurements of knee joint angles when compared to x-ray joint angles. [3] [4] Reliability depends on the joint and motion being assessed but generally the universal goniometer has been shown to have good to excellent reliability, and is more reliable than visual estimation especially with inexperienced examiners. Some research argues that the reliability of the measurement from a goniometer depends on the type used [5] [6] while some did not see any significant difference between some instruments. [7] [8] Overall, research shows high intra- and inter-rater reliability of the universal goniometer, with reliability in non-expert examiners improved with clear instructions on goniometric alignment, therefore where possible he same therapist should perform all measures to improve accuracy. Evidence is mixed on on the number of measures to take, or whether taking an average of repeated measures improves assessment. Sources of error when using goniometry can come from our expectations of what the ROM is, reading the wrong side of the scale on the goniometer, a change in the patient’s motivation to perform, or taking successive measurements at different times of the day. [9] Glasgow C, Wilton J, Tooth L: Optimal daily total end range time for contracture: resolution in hand splinting. J Hand Ther. 2003, 16: 207-218. 10.1016/S0894-1130(03)00036-X.

Ideal for measuring cervical rotation, anteroposterior flexion, and lateral flexion of the cervical spine. Interobserver reliability of smartphone photograph goniometry was tested via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients for both trained and untrained photograph measurements. Using the guidelines developed by Cicchetti and Sparrow, 10 an ICC less than 0.40 corresponds to poor clinical reliability, an ICC between 0.4 and 0.59 corresponds to fair clinical reliability, an ICC between 0.60 and 0.74 corresponds to good clinical reliability, and an ICC between 0.75 and 1.00 corresponds to excellent clinical reliability. Chiu HY, Su FC, Wang ST, Hsu HY: The motion analysis system and goniometry of the finger joints. J Hand Surg Br. 1998, 23: 788-791. 10.1016/S0266-7681(98)80098-3. Macdermid JC, Fox E, Richards RS, Roth JH: Validity of pulp-to-palm distance as a measure of finger flexion. J Hand Surg Br. 2001, 26: 432-435. 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0612.

Eliasziw M, Young SL, Woodbury MG, Fryday-Field K: Statistical methodology for the concurrent assessment of interrater and intrarater reliability: using goniometric measurements as an example. Phys Ther. 1994, 74: 777-788. Goldsmith N, Juzl E: Inter-rater reliability of two trained raters using a goniometer for the measurement of finger joints. Br J Hand Ther. 1998, 3: 11-12. cited by Burr et al. [26] Contracture measurements were calculated from manual goniometry, trained photos, and untrained photos. Paired differences were then calculated for the following groups: manual goniometry and trained photos, manual goniometry and untrained photos, and trained and untrained photos. The mean difference (average of the differences between each pair of contracture measurements) and the mean absolute difference (average of the absolute values of the differences) were then calculated. Comparisons between measurements from each group were done via paired-sample Student t test. Normality was tested via the χ 2 test for normality. The paper goniometer and the standard goniometer can be used interchangeably by non-professional raters for evaluation of normal finger joints. The obtained results warrant further research to assess clinical performance of the paper strip technique. Jones A, Sealey R, Crowe M, Gordon S. Concurrent validity and reliability of the simple goniometer iPhone app compared with the universal goniometer. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2014; 30 (7): 512–516.

Bruton A, Ellis B, Goddard J: Comparison of visual estimation and goniometry for assessment of metacarpophalangeal joint angle. Physiotherapy. 1999, 85: 2011-2018. Glasgow C, James M, O‘Sullivan J, Tooth LR: Measurement of joint stiffness in the hand: a preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of torque angle curves. Br J Hand Ther. 2004, 9: 11-12. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/14/17/prepubIn evaluating any new method of ROM measurement, accuracy is crucial, but the method must also remain easily accessible to patients and clinicians. Recent advances in smartphone photography have introduced a new ubiquitous platform for photo goniometry. With nearly two-thirds of Americans owning a smartphone, 6 the cameras on these devices would easily allow patients to remotely send images and videos to physicians for clinical evaluation. Smartphone photography has the potential to facilitate telemedicine, increasing patient access and simplifying long-term follow-up. However, smartphone goniometry has yet to be validated for ROM measurements in the digits. The smartphone is an increasingly pervasive tool that could add value in a hand surgeon’s clinic. Because clinical treatment decisions and follow-up examinations for certain disease processes are based primarily on ROM measurements, the use of smartphone photography goniometry is an attractive method for incorporating telemedicine into a hand surgeon’s practice. Smartphone photography goniometry may also decrease economic costs and increase access to care for both patients and providers. 22, 23 Specifically in the case of the patient with Dupuytren disease, initial visits and subsequent long-term follow-up without the need for surgical intervention could all be conducted via the remote transfer of a smartphone photograph, thus eliminating patient travel costs, reducing clinic load, and increasing the availability of care. Long-term follow-up of patients could also be more consistent, as the barriers to follow-up are dramatically diminished. Kottner J, Audigé L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hróbjartsson A, Roberts C, Shoukri M, Streiner DL: Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011, 64: 96-106. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002. Crawshaw J, Chambers J: A concise course in advanced level statistics with worked examples. 2001, Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes, 469-470. 4th Oess NP, Wanek J, Curt A: Design and evaluation of a low-cost instrumented glove for hand function assessment. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2012, 9: 2-10.1186/1743-0003-9-2.