None of the Above: Reflections on Life Beyond the Binary

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Keep the specific content of items independent of one another. Savvy test-takers can use information in one question to answer another question, reducing the validity of the test. The stem should be a question or a partial sentence. A question stem is preferable because it allows the student to focus on answering the question rather than holding the partial sentence in working memory and sequentially completing it with each alternative (Statman 1988). The cognitive load is increased when the stem is constructed with an initial or interior blank, so this construction should be avoided. In France, the NOTA vote has been recognised since the Revolution. According to the law currently (May 2023) applicable, "Blank ballot papers are counted separately and annexed to the minutes. They are not taken into account for the determination of the votes cast, but they are specially mentioned in the results of the ballot. An envelope containing no ballot paper is considered to be a blank ballot paper." In Colombia, a NOTA option in the ballots has been recognized by the Constitutional Court of Colombia by upholding a political reform law (Law 1475 of 2011), declaring that a None of the Above vote is "a political expression of dissent, abstention or inconformity with political effects" and also adding that "a None of the Above vote constitutes a valuable expression of dissent through which the electorate's will protection can be promoted. As such, the constitution grants it a decisive importance in the election of uni-personal offices and public corporations". The NOTA option has been present in ballots since at least 1991; in fact legislative act 01 of 2009 instructs what should happen if NOTA would "win" an election. [13]

Election Commission of India: Symbol for 'None of the Above' (NOTA) option" (PDF). Eci.nic.in . Retrieved 2017-04-02. Maharashtra may hold re-election in local polls where NOTA got maximum votes". Hindustan Times. 2018-07-20. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23 . Retrieved 2018-12-24. Political and Constitutional Reform Committee – Inquiries – UK Parliament". Parliament.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2016. On Introduction of Amendments and Supplements to the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan" ". adilet.zan.kz . Retrieved 13 July 2023. Open Letter to Mark Flanagan (Notavote / The NOTA Party / The Above & Beyond Party)". NOTA-UK.org. 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2017.In 2021, Supreme Court asked Election Commission if it is legally permissible to reject all candidates in an election where NOTA votes wins the highest number of votes. [27] WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 161 OF 2004". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03 . Retrieved 2017-04-02.

None Of The Above Zero was a candidate at the 2010 general election in Filton and Bradley Stoke. [80] Previously known as Eric Mutch, he changed his name by deed poll to stand under that name. As candidates are listed by surname first he appeared on the ballot paper as "Zero, None Of The Above", [81] in effect giving voters a "none of the above" option since had he been elected he would have resigned immediately. [82] He came last with 172 votes. [83] Others [ edit ] Further information: None of the Above in Indian Elections Symbol used with NOTA option on ballot papers and electronic voting machines in India Including NOTA in panchayat elections to these states and making improvements to NOTA may require changes or amendments to these acts and rules.

Makassar to rerun election in 2020 after blank box victory". The Jakarta Post. 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018. GPC Leadership Contest Rules" (PDF). Green Party of Canada. 31 July 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2020 . Retrieved 18 September 2020.

None Of The Above' option: The maturing of democracy in India or setting in of disillusionment with it?". Southasiamonitor.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25 . Retrieved 2017-04-02.

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The stem should be meaningful by itselfand should present a definite problem. A stem that presents a definite problem allows a focus on the learning outcome. A stem that does not present a clear problem, however, may test students’ ability to draw inferences from vague descriptions rather serving as a more direct test of students’ achievement of the learning outcome. Macfarlane, Mhairi (5 January 2010). "Aspiring politician from Chingford changes his name by UK Deed Poll to None Of The Above". Waltham Forest Guardian . Retrieved 18 November 2019.

The alternatives “all of the above” and “none of the above” should not be used.When “all of the above” is used as an answer, test-takers who can identify more than one alternative as correct can select the correct answer even if unsure about other alternative(s). When “none of the above” is used as an alternative, test-takers who can eliminate a single option can thereby eliminate a second option. In either case, students can use partial knowledge to arrive at a correct answer. Despite Higher Vote Share NOTA Fails To Impact Assembly Elections - Hill Post". Hillpost.in. 2017-03-21. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16 . Retrieved 23 August 2018.

September 2022). " "Барлығына қарсы" бағаны сайлау нәтижесіне әсер етпейді". Orda (in Kazakh) . Retrieved 30 September 2022. The power, honesty and elegance of None of the Above make it a truly breathtaking and unique contribution to the world of queer writing. This is, on one hand, a deeply reflective memoir. The level of introspection and vulnerability makes it extremely compelling, and as a reader it a gift to have such an incredible insight into Alabanza’s life. On the other hand, None of the Above is a thoughtful and critical expression of what it means to live life outside of the gender binary, exploring both the joy of experiencing moments of true freedom of self-expression, as well as the enormous sacrifice that doing so entails. Alabanza perfectly describes the liminal space in which gender non-conforming people exist, and the sheer strength of will that is required to visibly and proudly occupy that space day after day. Alongside this is a sense of joy, humour and passion that is inherent in all of Alabanza’s work. This is phenomenal and again, extremely powerful, painting a picture of transness that is sincere, true to the authors experience, and deeply nuanced. Also, listening to them narrate the audiobook was such a special experience, even though I had to pause it every few minutes to furiously note down all the wonderful nuggets of wisdom!